Engineered Wood Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineered Wood - Research Paper Example This increases the durability of the products. Composition of engineered wood The aspects of manufacturing of engineered wood that help differentiate between the products made from it and also cause differences in the performance characteristics of different products include the quality of veneer used in engineered wood, the species and density of the timber used in it, the arrangement and thickness of veneers, and the type of bond between veneers (Austral Plywoods, 2012). The softwoods and hardwoods that are used to make lumber are also useful for making the products of engineered wood. Engineered wood that is made of fibers or wood particles are also made from wood waste or sawmill scraps. The oriented strand board is made from trees that belong to the poplar family that is a non-structural yet common species. Similar engineered cellulosic products are made from a variety of lignin-containing materials that include but are not limited to rice straw, wheat straw, sugar cane residue, kenaf stalks, and hemp stalks. Products made from these materials contain vegetable fibers instead of actual wood. â€Å"The best engineered wood floors  are built having 3-12 multiple ply layers†¦that are cross layered, glued and pressed together† (Hosking, 2012). ... cts can be categorized into a variety of types that include plywood, glued laminated timber, oriented strand board, laminated veneer lumber, and cross laminated timber. They are discussed as follows: Plywood Plywood is a kind of structural panel made in wood that is often referred to as the original product of engineered wood. Plywood is made from the cross-laminated veneer sheets that are bonded with one another with moisture-resistant and durable adhesives under specific conditions of pressure and heat. The stiffness and strength of panel in both directions are enhanced by changing the direction of grain of the veneers layer by layer. Other panels of structural wood include structural composite panels and oriented strand board. Glued laminated timber Glued laminated timber is made up of numerous layers of dimensional timber that are bonded with one another with the help of adhesives that are resistant to moisture. These adhesives help create large structural members of great streng th which can be used in buildings as horizontal beams or vertical columns. Glued laminated timber provides extensive design flexibility when it is manufactured in the curved shape. Oriented strand board Oriented strand board is a structural panel made from rectangular strands of engineered wood which are first oriented longitudinally and then organized in layers that are tied together with adhesives that are cured with heat and are resistant to moisture. Individual layers of the oriented strand board are cross-oriented that helps them develop stiffness along with strength in the panel. Oriented strand board is manufactured in the form of large continuous mats. The quality of oriented strand board is consistent throughout and there are no gaps, voids, or laps in it. Laminated veneer lumber

Justice System In China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Justice System In China - Research Paper Example These changes have mostly been in response to the changes in the political, social and economic conditions of the respective nations as well as the philosophies followed by them. The developments taking place in the cultural and political spheres have played a key role in shaping and influencing the legal systems worldwide, and are apparent from the introduction of new laws over time. This paper on criminal justice aims to understand, assess and examine the criminal justice system in China, its historical and philosophical origins and the impact and influence of political and cultural elements in shaping the contemporary law in the country. Historical origins: China is regarded to be one of the few nations which boast of one of the oldest legal traditions in the world. However, according to studies, the country has faced several setbacks with regard to establishing and implementing an effective criminal justice system. China has seen a series of powerful dynasties, spanning over 4000 years of rich history, and witnessing the implementation of diverse systems of bureaucratic controls (Dammer & Albanese, 2010). Each and every single dynasty in ancient China had their own set of rules and laws comprising of criminal codes and statutes which were binding on all citizens. Some of the most prominent of these statutes include the Yuxing criminal laws established and implemented during the Xia Dynasty; the Tandxing criminal laws established during the Shang dynasty; the Qinlu criminal laws implemented during the Qing dynasty; the Hanlu laws during the Han dynasty; the Jiuxing criminal laws of the Zhou dynasty; the Tandxing criminal laws of the Shang dynasty; the Tanglu criminal laws of the Tang dynasty; among others. The criminal laws implemented by all these dynasties were governed by the administrative officials (Nwankwo, 2011). However with the change in political powers and the formation of new governance, which began with the establishment of China as the Peopleâ €™s Republic of China, during the year 1949; brought an abrupt end to the criminal laws observed for over 5000 years. When the Communist party assumed power in China, it set out to abolish all the old laws enacted by the previous governments, and replace it with new ones which were in sync with the universal laws and which complimented the new socialist regime (Nwankwo, 2011). The administration of the concept of justice in imperial China was founded on the basis of a set of values and theories. The conceptions of justice was largely influenced by three major schools of thoughts which included Confucianism, Legalism and cosmological. All the three schools of thoughts had a completely different approach although in principle, the philosophical justifications offered were the same. Eventually, the three schools of thoughts were finally merged together to form a common law based on a common rationale, during the Han dynasty between the period of 206 B.C. and 220 A.D. These set of l aws continued to be put to practice till the twentieth century (Muhlhahn, 2009). Philosophical origins: â€Å"Lead the people with governmental measures and regulate them by law (fa) and punishment, and they will avoid wrongdoing but will have no sense of honor and shame. Lead them with virtue and regulate them by the roles of propriety (li), and they will have a sense of shame, and moreover, set themselves right.† Confucius, in Terrill (2009) pp. 556 During earlier times, the concept of equal